@prefix : <https://ontology.inferal.com/modules/evidence/> .
@prefix dcterms: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/> .
@prefix mod: <https://w3id.org/mod#> .
@prefix owl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#> .
@prefix prov: <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov#> .
@prefix pubacc: <https://ontology.inferal.com/modules/publication-access/> .
@prefix rdf: <http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#> .
@prefix rdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#> .
@prefix vann: <http://purl.org/vocab/vann/> .
@prefix voaf: <http://purl.org/vocommons/voaf#> .
@prefix xsd: <http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#> .

:
    a owl:Ontology, pubacc:PublicationManagedOntology ;
    dcterms:accessRights pubacc:PublicAccess ;
    owl:imports <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov> ;
    dcterms:title "Evidence Ontology"@en ;
    dcterms:description "A domain-neutral vocabulary for claims, support and defeating arguments, evidentiary artifacts, premises, conclusions, and reasoning bases."@en ;
    dcterms:abstract "The ontology represents evidence as a role that a provenance-bearing entity plays in an explicit argument. It separates evidentiary support from generation provenance, distinguishes support from rebuttal, undercutting, and undermining, and leaves confidence to an independent assessment vocabulary."@en ;
    dcterms:issued "2026-07-24"^^xsd:date ;
    dcterms:license <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/> ;
    dcterms:source
        <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov> ,
        <http://purl.org/spar/amo> ,
        <https://w3id.org/EVI> ;
    dcterms:references
        <https://www.w3.org/TR/prov-o/> ,
        <https://sparontologies.github.io/amo/current/amo.html> ,
        <https://fairscape.github.io/EVI/index.html> ;
    vann:preferredNamespacePrefix "ev" ;
    vann:preferredNamespaceUri "https://ontology.inferal.com/modules/evidence/" ;
    voaf:reliesOn <http://www.w3.org/ns/prov> ;
    mod:status "draft" ;
    rdfs:label "Evidence Ontology"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "Provides a small provenance-compatible core for stating which information is offered for or against a claim without asserting that the claim is true or that the argument succeeds."@en ;
    rdfs:seeAlso
        <http://purl.org/spar/amo> ,
        <https://w3id.org/EVI> ;
    owl:versionInfo "0.1.0" .

# Core resources

:Claim
    a rdfs:Class ;
    rdfs:subClassOf prov:Entity ;
    rdfs:label "claim"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "A proposition presented for consideration or acceptance; class membership does not assert that the proposition is true, accepted, or supported."@en ;
    dcterms:description "A claim may be expressed in domain-specific RDF, prose, or as a resource that is also typed by a statement-target vocabulary. The Evidence Ontology does not prescribe one universal claim-content representation."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : .

:Argument
    a rdfs:Class ;
    rdfs:subClassOf prov:Entity ;
    rdfs:label "argument"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "An information entity that presents one conclusion together with premises, evidentiary artifacts, and optional reasoning bases."@en ;
    dcterms:description "An argument records an offered justificatory structure. Its existence does not entail that its premises are true, its evidence is relevant, its reasoning basis is applicable, or its conclusion follows."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : .

:SupportArgument
    a rdfs:Class ;
    rdfs:subClassOf :Argument ;
    rdfs:label "support argument"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "An argument offered in support of its conclusion without entailing that the support is sufficient or successful."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : .

:DefeatingArgument
    a rdfs:Class ;
    rdfs:subClassOf :Argument ;
    rdfs:label "defeating argument"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "An argument offered against a claim, another argument, or an evidentiary input through an explicit challenge relation."@en ;
    dcterms:description "A defeating argument may rebut a claim, undercut an argument's inferential connection, or undermine a premise or evidentiary artifact. These challenge kinds are not declared disjoint."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : .

:ReasoningBasis
    a rdfs:Class ;
    rdfs:subClassOf prov:Entity ;
    rdfs:label "reasoning basis"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "A reusable rule, method, principle, inference scheme, or stated assumption that may serve as the warrant connecting an argument's inputs to its conclusion."@en ;
    dcterms:description "Reasoning basis is an intrinsic type of the reusable entity; warrant is the contextual role expressed by ev:hasWarrant. A reasoning basis may also be modeled as a claim and supported by another argument."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : .

# Argument roles

:hasEvidence
    a rdf:Property ;
    rdfs:domain :Argument ;
    rdfs:range prov:Entity ;
    rdfs:label "has evidence"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "Identifies a provenance-bearing entity offered as evidence in an argument; it does not assert truth, relevance, sufficiency, or derivation of the argument from that entity."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : .

:hasPremise
    a rdf:Property ;
    rdfs:domain :Argument ;
    rdfs:range :Claim ;
    rdfs:label "has premise"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "Identifies a claim used as a premise in an argument; the relation does not assert that the premise is true or independently supported."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : .

:hasConclusion
    a rdf:Property ;
    rdfs:domain :Argument ;
    rdfs:range :Claim ;
    rdfs:label "has conclusion"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "Identifies the claim concluded by an argument; the relation records the offered conclusion without entailing it."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : .

:hasWarrant
    a rdf:Property ;
    rdfs:domain :Argument ;
    rdfs:range :ReasoningBasis ;
    rdfs:label "has warrant"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "Identifies the reasoning basis serving as the warrant that connects an argument's inputs to its conclusion."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : .

# Challenges

:challenges
    a rdf:Property ;
    rdfs:domain :DefeatingArgument ;
    rdfs:range prov:Entity ;
    rdfs:label "challenges"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "Identifies a claim, argument, premise, evidentiary artifact, or other entity challenged by a defeating argument without specifying the challenge kind."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : .

:rebuts
    a rdf:Property ;
    rdfs:subPropertyOf :challenges ;
    rdfs:domain :DefeatingArgument ;
    rdfs:range :Claim ;
    rdfs:label "rebuts"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "Identifies a claim whose content or acceptability is directly opposed by a defeating argument."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : .

:undercuts
    a rdf:Property ;
    rdfs:subPropertyOf :challenges ;
    rdfs:domain :DefeatingArgument ;
    rdfs:range :Argument ;
    rdfs:label "undercuts"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "Identifies an argument whose inferential connection, warrant applicability, or ability to support its conclusion is challenged."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : .

:undermines
    a rdf:Property ;
    rdfs:subPropertyOf :challenges ;
    rdfs:domain :DefeatingArgument ;
    rdfs:range prov:Entity ;
    rdfs:label "undermines"@en ;
    rdfs:comment "Identifies a premise or evidentiary artifact whose credibility, authenticity, relevance, interpretation, or applicability is challenged."@en ;
    rdfs:isDefinedBy : .